Remnants of Hope in Zamyatin’s We and Huxleys Brave New...

Humanity, despite Huxley and Zamyatin illustrating two different types of dystopia where servitude is commonplace, manages to hold on to the remnants of hope which can be found in numerous (and sometimes unexpected) places. Soma, described by Mustapha Mond as ‘euphoric, narcotic, pleasantly hallucinant’, is a drug that took ‘six years [sic] [to be] produced commercially’. It offers the conditioned society hope by giving them a way to always be happy; ‘a gramme of soma’ can cure anything in their eyes, apart from a ‘glum Marx’ . However, in all actuality it doesn’t offer hope but rather gives the illusion of hope. Instead, it controls the population, enslaving them with happiness. In chapter seven, Lenina ‘[feels] in her pocket for†¦show more content†¦In spite of the strict routine which the citizens of One State must follow where an impersonal sex visit must be applied for, I-330 flirts with D-503, looking at ‘[his] hands’ even when he ‘can’t stand people looking at [his] hands’ . The rebellious nature of I-330, who smokes cigarettes and drinks alcohol in discordance with One State and her â⠂¬Ëœslender, sharp, tough, and springy as a whip’ figure contrasts with O-90 ‘everything about her round with the babyish crease on her arm’ who represents everything that One State stands for. Even though O-90 wants to ‘come to [D-503’s] place today and let the blinds down. Today – right this minute’ , ‘she knows as well as [he] does that [their] next Sex Day is the day after tomorrow’ compared to I-330 who casually invites him without an order to come and see her ‘the day after tomorrow in auditorium 12’ . Her unruly behaviour exists as a beacon of hope in the regimented society; freewill does exist. Moreover, she attempts to explain the concept of love to D-503 which exposes him to a more liberal world, ‘that means you love it. You’re afraid of it because it’s stronger than you, you hate it because you’re afraid of it, you love it because you can’t master it. You can only love something that refuses to be mastered’ . However, he is new to the feelings of love so these feelings create confusion and uncertainty, which leads into fear, resulting in hatred

D.C. v. Heller A Landmark Second Amendment Ruling

The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller directly impacted only a handful of gun owners, but it was one of the most significant Second Amendment rulings in the countrys history. Although the Heller decision only specifically addressed gun ownership by residents of federal enclaves like Washington, D.C., it marked the first time the nation’s highest court gave a definitive answer on whether the Second Amendment provides an individual with the right to keep and bear arms. Fast Facts: D.C. v. Heller Case Argued: March 18, 2008Decision Issued: June 26, 2008Petitioner: District of Columbia et al.Respondent: Dick Anthony HellerKey Questions: Did the provisions of the District of Columbia Code that restrict the licensing of handguns and require licensed firearms kept in the home to be kept nonfunctional violate the Second Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Scalia, Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, AlitoDissenting: Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, BreyerRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to bear arms and that the district’s handgun ban and trigger lock requirement violated the Second Amendment. Background of D.C. v. Heller Dick Anthony Heller was the plaintiff in D.C. v. Heller. He  was a licensed special police officer in Washington who was issued and carried a handgun as part of his job. Yet federal law prevented him from owning and keeping a handgun in his District of Columbia home. After learning of the plight of fellow D.C. resident Adrian Plesha, Heller unsuccessfully sought help from the National Rifle Association with a lawsuit to overturn the gun ban in D.C. Plesha was convicted and sentenced to probation and 120 hours of community service after shooting and wounding a man who was burglarizing his home in 1997. Although the burglar admitted to the crime, handgun ownership had been illegal in D.C. since 1976. Heller was unsuccessful in convincing the NRA to take up the case, but he connected with Cato Institute scholar Robert Levy. Levy planned a self-financed lawsuit to overturn the D.C. gun ban and hand-selected six plaintiffs, including Heller, to challenge the law. Heller and his five co-plaintiffs — software designer Shelly Parker, the Cato Institute’s Tom G. Palmer, mortgage broker Gillian St. Lawrence, USDA employee Tracey Ambeau and attorney George Lyon — filed their initial lawsuit in February 2003. The Legal Process of D.C. v. Heller The initial lawsuit was dismissed by a U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia. The court found that the challenge to the constitutionality of D.C.’s handgun ban was without merit. But the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed the lower court’s ruling four years later. In a 2-1 decision in D.C. v. Parker, the court struck down sections of the 1975 Firearms Control Regulation Act for plaintiff Shelly Parker. The court ruled that portions of the law banning handgun ownership in D.C. and requiring that rifles be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock were unconstitutional. State attorneys general in Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah and Wyoming all joined Levy in support of Heller and his co-plaintiffs. The state attorney general offices in Massachusetts, Maryland and New Jersey, as well as representatives in Chicago, New York City and San Francisco, joined in support of the Districts gun ban.   Not surprisingly, the National Rifle Association joined the cause of the Heller team, while the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence cast its support to the D.C. team. D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty petitioned the court to hear the case again weeks after the appeals court ruling. His petition was rejected by a 6-4 vote. D.C. then petitioned the Supreme Court to hear the case. Before the Supreme Court Ruling   The case title technically changed from D.C. v. Parker at the appeals court level to D.C. v. Heller  at the Supreme Court level because the appeals court determined that only Heller’s challenge to the gun ban’s constitutionality had standing. The other five plaintiffs were dismissed from the lawsuit. This didnt change the merit of the appeals court’s decision, however. The Second Amendment was set to take center stage at the U.S. Supreme Court for the first time in generations. D.C. v. Heller  garnered national attention as individuals and organizations both in favor of and opposed to the gun ban lined up to support either side in the debate. The 2008 presidential election was just around the corner. Republican candidate John McCain joined a majority of U.S. Senators – 55 of them – who signed a brief favoring Heller, while Democrat candidate Barack Obama did not. The George W. Bush administration sided with the District of Columbia with the U.S. Department of Justice arguing that the case should be remanded by the Supreme Court. But Vice President Dick Cheney broke from that stance by signing the brief in support of Heller. A number of other states joined the fight in addition to those that had cast their support for Heller earlier:  Alaska, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. Hawaii and New York joined the states supporting the District of Columbia. The Supreme Court Decision   The Supreme Court sided with Heller by a 5-4 majority, affirming the appeals court’s decision. Justice Antonin Scalia delivered the court’s opinion and was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts, Jr., and justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito, Jr. Justices John Paul Stevens, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer dissented.   The court ruled that the District of Columbia must give Heller a license to possess a handgun inside his home. In the process, the court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to bear arms and that the district’s handgun ban and trigger lock requirement violated the Second Amendment. The court’s decision did not prohibit many existing federal limitations to gun ownership, including limitations for convicted felons and the mentally ill. It didnt affect limitations preventing the possession of firearms in schools and government buildings.

Between 1820 and 1860 Free Essays

Between 1820 and 1860 there were a few fundamental differences between the economies of the North and South. How far do you agree? BY beckY10036 Between 1820 and 1860 there were a few fundamental differences between the economies of the North and South. How far do you agree? Between 1820 and 1860 there were problems in America that resulted in the civil war in 1861, the economy affected the North and South during the civil war, and some major differences helped win the civil war. We will write a custom essay sample on Between 1820 and 1860 or any similar topic only for you Order Now However this does not mean that the economy had many undamental differences. For example the methods of earning money were different, but overall both earned roughly the same amount of money. Firstly, the main difference was that the North relied much more on money from industry and manufacturing, as they had more connections with foreign countries, and more factories were built. In the North in 1860 there were 74,000 factories producing two thirds, of goods for America. Whereas in the South there were only 2 major factors: Textiles factory in South Carolina and an Iron works in Virginia set up in 1840. Although they had fewer factories, the Iron works was vital, as it supplied the North with weaponry during the Civil war. In 1850 the South only produced 10% of the nations manufactured output. However the South did lack the industrialisation because their agricultural methods were so effective they had no need for change. The South was also very traditional and disliked change, whereas seven out of eight immigrants had chosen to settle in the North, and they had seen new ideas in other places in Europe so were welcome to change. This is shown by the South’s labour orce being reduced from 82% to 81% over 60 years, on the other hand, the North’s labour force was reduced from 68% to over the 60 years. This is however not a reflection on the North rapidly reducing agriculturally, because they still relied on agriculture, and a lot of the North was still rural. Around the urban areas, the population was increasing as towns and cities were developing swiftly. As the North had smaller but still prosperous farmers known as yeomen, they did not earn as much money through agriculture, because they did not have many or any slaves at ll, so they could not produce the high quantities that the south did. Farmers that had lots of land were called plantation owners; there were many more plantations in the south, and when the cotton gin was created in 1793, there was a boom in cotton, and the benefit of having slaves increased. This made Southern plantation owners invest their capital in the Slaves, because they produced so much cotton, which was very lucrative. 5% of slaves worked in cotton which shows how much money was made out of it. The South needed to transport their goods to the North so that it ould be transported abroad, but there was a lack of transport in South, as they only had 35% of the train tracks, which affected them in the Civil war. This meant it was fairly expensive to transport the cotton, but they still received a good amount o f money it hey lived near a train track. When the cotton arrived in the North the Lowell factory system meant the manufacturing of it was very cheap, which meant the North earnt a large margin on it. Although the danger of the South investing all their money in Slaves was that when slavery got banned, they lost a lot of money, which was partly hy they were so keen to keep slavery. However only one quarter of the population owned a slave, as they were expensive (in 1860 they were $1800 which was double the price in 1820). The North’s economy was based on free labour whereas the South’s was based on slave labour, which meant that the North’s economy was more stimulated by the presence of workers with money who could buy products, which would make money for the company, which in turn would increase wages or hire more workers. The South’s economy was largely devoid of this benefit. Essentially, the conomy in the South was weaker and only based on a few important exports (cotton, tobacco, and sugar). This made the South less diversified, as they focused their sales on cotton. Another difference is tariffs; in 1828 congress passes a controversial high protective tax. This majorly benefitted the North as they were the main distributors. However the South were very worried about this because they believed that if they stopped buying the expensive foreign goods, then foreign countries would stop buying their goods, as they would have tax on them too. This affected the economy ntil the tax was promised to be reduced after the law in 1833. In contrast the North and South didn’t have many fundamental differences. They both created a lot of money, and were not lacking at all, the only difference was the method in which was used to make the money. The economic diversification was similar too, as 10% of Northerners owned 68% of the wealth, and the wealth was dominated by the plantation owners, called oligarchies, as there were few free-soilers. 12% of the plantation owners owned half the slaves. This shows that there were few farmers, ut the big plantations owned many slaves. Even though the North seems to be more industrial, the South also made efforts to modernise industrially, but they Just lacked because of the closed opinions of the southerners. Also not many people in the North and the South owned slaves, it was more of a rare thing, and the main owners, owned a large amount of slaves. However there was a larger need for slaves in the South, because there was cheap labour force from Europe settling in the North which meant slaves were more expensive so were not deemed as important. Overall I think there ere many differences between the North and South between 1820 and 1860. Some affected the outcome of the Civil war such as the transport boom, and the industrialisation in the North, but a fundamental point is that numerically they have equal amounts of income; there were Just different methods to earning the money. However the differences were major; the amount of industrialisation, and amount of agriculture, the manufactured output, and the need for slaves, was all very different for the North and South. The main similarity was the economic diversification. How to cite Between 1820 and 1860, Papers

Excretion and Elimination of Toxicants and their M Essay Example For Students

Excretion and Elimination of Toxicants and their M Essay etabolitesExcretion and Elimination of Toxicants and their Metabolites The first topic that was covered by this chapter was the excretion of wastesby the Renal system. The first step that occurs in the kidney deals with thenephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. In the glomerulus theformation of urine begins with the passive filtration of plasma through thepores that are found in the glomerulus. The plasma is forced through these poresby hydrostatic pressure. The only things that determines if a molecule will passthrough the pores of the glomerulus is its molecular weight. The lower themolecular weight, the easier it will pass through the pores. Anotherdetermining factor will be if a molecule is bound to a large molecule. If thisis true then passage through the pores will be hindered by the size of thelarger molecule. Reabsorbtion of the many ions, minerals and other nutrients that escaped inthe glomerular filtrate will need to be recovered.. Reabsorbtion begins in thetubules of the nephron. Anywhere from 65% to 90% of reabsorbtion occurs inthese structures. Active reabsortion is used to recapture glucose, proteins,amino acids and other nutrients. Water and chloride ions are passivelyreabsorbed by the establishment of osmotic and electrochemical gradients. Boththe Loop of Henley and collecting duct are used to establish these osmolargradients. The tubule has a brush border that will absorb proteins andpolypeptides through pinocytosis. These molecules are sometimes catabolised andconverted into amino acids. and returned to the blood. Sometimes theaccumulation of these proteins can lead to renal toxicity A second process that occurs in the tubules is tubular secretion. This isanother mechanism used to excrete solutes. Secretion may be either passive oractive. Secretions include organic bases, which occur in the pars recta of theproximal tubule. Secretions of weak bases and two weak acids occur passively. Other mechanisms involves the use of a mechanism that is called ion trapping. Ata certain pH the compounds are more ionized. Outside of the tubule thesecompounds are non-ionized and are lipophilic. Thus they are able to diffuseacross the membranes of the tubule. Once inside, the pH of the tubule willionize them and render then unable to pass across the cell membranes. The removal of xenobiotics is dependant on many factors. First is thepolarity of the xenobiotic. Polar compounds are soluble in the plasma water aremore easily removed by the kidneys through the use of glomerular filtration. Thefaster the rate of glomerular filtration , the faster the polar xenobiotics areeliminated from the body. Other factors that affect the rate of eliminationinclude: dose of the xenobiotic, the rate pf absorbtion, and the ability to bindto proteins as well as the polarity of the compound. In comparison lipophilic compounds will cross the cell membrane with moreease. Due to their lipohpillic properties they will follow the theirconcentration gradient across the membrane of the tubules and are ,therefore,easily retained by the body. If a lipophilic compound is metabolized to a morepolar state then it is more easily metabolized. Another important factor thatwill determine excretion by the kidneys will be the pH of the environment. Thosecompounds that are effected by pH will have both an ionized and nonionic form. When in their nonionized form it will rebsorbed by the tubules and kept theirbecause of their change to an ionized form. The liver is the second most important organ that is involved in the removalof wastes from the body. The primary methood of excretion involvrd the Hepaticcells of the liver. Both passive and active modes of transport are used. .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 , .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .postImageUrl , .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 , .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:hover , .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:visited , .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:active { border:0!important; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:active , .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3 .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57270a4f87295020c946558b8b0ba8a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poverty in Americas Chil Essay Bile is excreted by the hepatic cells. It is a concentration of amphipaticcompounds that will aid in the transport of lipids from the small intestine. Before reaching the small intestine, via the common bile duct, it will be storedand concentrated in the gall bladder. The bile will then be reabsorbed by aprocess known as enterohepatic circulation. The more lipophilic or nonionized a compound is, the more readily it will beabsorbed. Solubility is another factor that will determine absorbance. The rapidabsorbance of these compounds does not mean that they will not be readilyexcreted. Some compounds are readily excreted after absorbtion. Most toxic xenobiotics are very lipophilic. This means that they will beeasily ablorbed and dispursed among the tissue. Their liphilic characterizationsalso means that there excretion in either the urine or bile will be in verysmall amounts, unless they are metabolized ito more polar compounds. One of the methods used to dispose toxic lipophilics is by degradation of thelarge compounds into small polar fragments thatcan be eliminated through theurine or bile. Oxidative metabolism of toxic cyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbonsis done with the introduction of a hyroxyl group into the ring structure. Theexcretion of halogenated hydrocarbons is extremely difficult. Their accumulationin the body occurs in both adipose tissue and lipid layers of the skin. Theywill stay there for the duration of theanimals life time. The molecular weight of a compound will determine if the compound will beexcreted in the urine or feces. Any elimination of a xenobiotic will be done inassociation with the excretion of another compound that is normally eliminatedby the body. Most gaseous and volatile xenobiotics are eliminated through thelungs. The rate of ecretion is based on how soluble the compond is in the blood,the rate of volume of respiration, and the rateof blood flow to the lungs. Asecond method used is the alveolobronchilar transport mechanism. Which willinvolve the use of the mucociliary bronchotracheal escalator that will end withthe material being swallowed and passed out of th body. Sex linked elimination is restricted to the female.The milk excreted by themother will contain the largest number of possible xenobiotics.The eliminationof the xenobiotic is dependant on the half-lifeof the compound. Most of thecompounds that are excreted are low in dosage and therefore are not lethal. Chronic exposure can be toxic to the nursing young. The type of materials thatare excreted are lipophilic because they are not excreted by the other majorpathways. In eggs the type of compound eliminated are also limpohpilic innature. Fetuses are mostly effected by lipophilic compounds that are ablr topass the placental barrier. There are cases of fatal exposure of xenobiotics tothe fetus through the mother. Science